« Souveraineté alimentaire » : différence entre les versions
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=== | === Origine et état actuel === | ||
<p>Food sovereignty originated in the 1990s from the international agrarian movement called La Via Campesina (LVC). It emerged in reaction to the negative impacts of the global agricultural system such as rural poverty, hunger, displacement, and damage to the environment. <ref>Claeys, P., & Duncan, J. (2019). Food sovereignty and convergence spaces. Political Geography, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102045</ref> Global agriculture is shaped by “neoliberalism”. The economic system of neoliberalism refers to low governmental control on industries (like agriculture), tax cuts, reduction of public spending and inclusion in the international system. A consequence of this is that farmers and consumers have fewer options over what is produced, how it produced. <ref>Andrée Peter, Ayres, J. M. K., Bosia, M. J., & Mássicotte Marie-Josée (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and food sovereignty : global and local change in the new politics of food (Ser. Studies in comparative political economy and public policy, 42). University of Toronto Press.</ref> </p> | <p>Food sovereignty originated in the 1990s from the international agrarian movement called La Via Campesina (LVC). It emerged in reaction to the negative impacts of the global agricultural system such as rural poverty, hunger, displacement, and damage to the environment. <ref>Claeys, P., & Duncan, J. (2019). Food sovereignty and convergence spaces. Political Geography, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102045</ref> Global agriculture is shaped by “neoliberalism”. The economic system of neoliberalism refers to low governmental control on industries (like agriculture), tax cuts, reduction of public spending and inclusion in the international system. A consequence of this is that farmers and consumers have fewer options over what is produced, how it produced. <ref>Andrée Peter, Ayres, J. M. K., Bosia, M. J., & Mássicotte Marie-Josée (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and food sovereignty : global and local change in the new politics of food (Ser. Studies in comparative political economy and public policy, 42). University of Toronto Press.</ref> </p> | ||
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Version du 7 janvier 2024 à 02:10
EN COURS DE TRADUCTION
Le texte suivant est extrait d'un résumé d'une analyse documentaire sur la souveraineté alimentaire réalisée par Marie-Camille Théorêt. Vous pouvez lire l'intégralité de cette revue de littérature ICI.
Qu'est-ce que la souveraineté alimentaire?
La définition de base acceptée se trouve dans la déclaration de Nyéléni de 2007 produite par La Via Campesina. Cette définition se concentre sur les droits des personnes agricultrices/consommatrices et des communautés locales à déterminer leurs systèmes alimentaires et à contrôler les ressources nécessaires à la production (comme la terre, l'eau et les semences). [1] La déclaration de Nyéléni repose sur six piliers : valoriser les personnes fournissant les aliments ; localiser les systèmes alimentaires ; prendre des décisions au niveau local ; renforcer les connaissances et les compétences ; travailler avec la nature. Les peuples autochtones ont ensuite ajouté un septième pilier, à savoir que la nourriture est sacrée. [2]
Les concepts d' « agroécologie » et de « démocratie alimentaire » s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la souveraineté alimentaire. L'agroécologie consiste à pratiquer l'agriculture en harmonie avec l'environnement et la communauté. [3] La démocratie alimentaire fait référence à l'inclusion de la participation publique et locale dans les projets de souveraineté alimentaire. Un exemple de démocratie alimentaire est la façon dont les personnes agissant dans le mouvement utilisent des catégories (par exemple les peuples indigènes, le milieu de la pêche, les femmes) et des quotas pour assurer la diversité dans les conversations et les débats. [4] Parce que la souveraineté alimentaire comprend aujourd'hui un grand nombre d'intersections, elle mélange parfois les expériences pour unir les forces. Des questions spécifiques, telles que les questions liées au genre, sont parfois oubliées dans le mouvement et la manière dont il est défini. [5]
Origine et état actuel
Food sovereignty originated in the 1990s from the international agrarian movement called La Via Campesina (LVC). It emerged in reaction to the negative impacts of the global agricultural system such as rural poverty, hunger, displacement, and damage to the environment. [6] Global agriculture is shaped by “neoliberalism”. The economic system of neoliberalism refers to low governmental control on industries (like agriculture), tax cuts, reduction of public spending and inclusion in the international system. A consequence of this is that farmers and consumers have fewer options over what is produced, how it produced. [7]
Originally, food sovereignty was in opposition to national powers because of their alliance with the global food system. Yet, governments have a lot of control over agricultural regulations. So, their role in food sovereignty should be analyzed. [8] Current agriculture under neoliberalism damages the environment and creates about 1/3 of global greenhouse emissions. It pushes for a monoculture-farming model that results in a loss of biodiversity. In other words, the current food system only centers around a few crops instead of using all of the food diversity on this planet. The negative impacts of the global food system tend to impact more directly countries hit the hardest by injustices and the climate crisis. [9] Also, current agriculture adds to the already-existing exploitation. A lot of farm workers are working in difficult conditions, and the land they are using is tired. It is this mix of bad working conditions and abuse of lands that drives the food sovereignty movement. [10]
Over the past centuries, Indigenous traditional food systems have been almost erased through government policies. An example of this is how the Canadian and American governments put in place projects to assimilate and disrupt their traditional ways of life. [11] On top of this, climate change impacts Indigenous food systems. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic and the change in plant and animal populations are part of these impacts. So, Indigenous communities believe in food sovereignty projects that have the goal of building stronger communities and are respectful of the environment. Food is seen as a social factor instead of only a source of money. [12]
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- ↑ Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., & Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017). Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state (Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
- ↑ Desmarais, A. A., Claeys, P., & Trauger, A. (Eds.). (2017). Public policies for food sovereignty : social movements and the state (Ser. Routledge studies in food, society and the environment). Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
- ↑ https://www.nfu.ca/campaigns/agroecology/
- ↑ Claeys & Duncan, 2019.
- ↑ Fradejas, A., Borras, S. M., Holmes, T., Holt-Giménez Eric, & Robbins, M. J. (2015). Food sovereignty: convergence and contradictions, conditions and challenges. Third World Quarterly, 36(3), 431–448. From https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.ubishops.ca:2443/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2015.1023567
- ↑ Claeys, P., & Duncan, J. (2019). Food sovereignty and convergence spaces. Political Geography, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102045
- ↑ Andrée Peter, Ayres, J. M. K., Bosia, M. J., & Mássicotte Marie-Josée (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and food sovereignty : global and local change in the new politics of food (Ser. Studies in comparative political economy and public policy, 42). University of Toronto Press.
- ↑ Clark, P. (2016). Can the state foster food sovereignty? Insights from the case of Ecuador. Journal of Agrarian Change, 16(2).
- ↑ Climate False Solutions. (2021). Hoodwinked in the hothouse: Resist false solutions to climate change. https://moodle.ubishops.ca/pluginfile.php/285048/mod_resource/content/1/HOODWINKED_ThirdEdition_On-Screen_version.pdf
- ↑ Eliason, A. (2021, December 21). Building local food pathways: Fodd sovereignty and climate justice Law & Political Economy. https://lpeproject.org/
- ↑ LaDuke, W. Hoover, E. (2019). Indigenous food sovereignty in the united states : restoring cultural knowledge, protecting environments, and regaining health. (D. A. Mihesuah & E. Hoover, Eds.) (Ser. New directions in native american studies, volume 18). University of Oklahoma Press.
- ↑ LaDuke, W. Hoover, E. (2019). Indigenous food sovereignty in the united states : restoring cultural knowledge, protecting environments, and regaining health. (D. A. Mihesuah & E. Hoover, Eds.) (Ser. New directions in native american studies, volume 18). University of Oklahoma Press.